![]() State penetration did not retreat under Sadat and Mubarak. The local branches of the ruling party, the Arab Socialist Union (ASU), fostered a certain peasant political activism and coopted the local notables-in particular the village headmen-and checked their independence from the regime. The extension of officials into the countryside permitted the regime to bring development and services to the village. īefore the revolution, state penetration of the rural areas was limited by the power of local notables, but under Nasser, land reform reduced their socioeconomic dominance, and the incorporation of peasants into cooperatives transferred mass dependence from landlords to government. The coercive backbone of the state apparatus ran downward from the Ministry of Interior through the governors' executive organs to the district police station and the village headman (sing., umdah pl., umadah). Governors were appointed by the president, and they, in turn, appointed subordinate executive officers. At each level, there was a governing structure that combined representative councils and government-appointed executive organs headed by governors, district officers, and mayors, respectively. These were subdivided into districts (sing., markaz pl., marakaz) and villages (sing., qaryah pl., qura) or towns. Under the central government were twenty-six governorates (sing., muhafazah pl., muhafazat). Local government traditionally had limited power in Egypt's highly centralized state. Common designated names for local government entities include state, province, region, canton, department, county, prefecture, district, city, township, town, borough, parish, municipality, shire, village, ward, local service district and local government area. ![]() The institutions of local government vary greatly between countries, and even where similar arrangements exist, the terminology often varies. ![]() Local elections are held in many countries. The question of municipal autonomy is a key question of public administration and governance. In federal states, local government generally comprises a third or fourth tier of government, whereas in unitary states, local government usually occupies the second or third tier of government. Local governments generally act only within powers specifically delegated to them by law and/or directives of a higher level of government. While in some countries, "government" is normally reserved purely for a national administration (government) (which may be known as a central government or federal government), the term local government is always used specifically in contrast to national government – as well as, in many cases, the activities of sub-national, first-level administrative divisions (which are generally known by names such as cantons, provinces, states, oblasts, or regions). This particular usage of the word government refers specifically to a level of administration that is both geographically-localised and has limited powers. Local government is a generic term for the lowest tiers of public administration within a particular sovereign state. Meeting of Jyväskylä's city council in 1925
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